Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI) remains a significant global health challenge with limited effective pharmacological treatments. This review explores transcranial photobiomodulation (PBM) as a promising therapy for TBI, focusing on its cellular mechanisms, clinical evidence, and future potential. TBI involves complex pathophysiology, including axonal injury, mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative stress, and neuroinflammation. PBM uses red and near-infrared light to modulate brain functions and may address these issues through various mechanisms, such as enhancing cellular energy production, reducing oxidative stress, and modulating inflammatory responses. Clinical studies suggest PBM can improve recovery from TBI, though outcomes vary with parameters like wavelength, power density, and pulse frequency. Recent research indicates that PBM can influence neuronal microstructures, such as microtubules, and may optimize treatment outcomes through parameter adjustments. While PBM shows promise in reducing cell death, enhancing neurogenesis, and improving brain function, more research is needed to determine optimal parameters and confirm its efficacy in human trials. Future studies should focus on refining PBM parameters, incorporating artificial intelligence, and conducting larger randomized controlled trials to validate its potential in TBI treatment. The review highlights the need for further investigation into PBM's mechanisms and parameters to enhance its therapeutic application for TBI.Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI) remains a significant global health challenge with limited effective pharmacological treatments. This review explores transcranial photobiomodulation (PBM) as a promising therapy for TBI, focusing on its cellular mechanisms, clinical evidence, and future potential. TBI involves complex pathophysiology, including axonal injury, mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative stress, and neuroinflammation. PBM uses red and near-infrared light to modulate brain functions and may address these issues through various mechanisms, such as enhancing cellular energy production, reducing oxidative stress, and modulating inflammatory responses. Clinical studies suggest PBM can improve recovery from TBI, though outcomes vary with parameters like wavelength, power density, and pulse frequency. Recent research indicates that PBM can influence neuronal microstructures, such as microtubules, and may optimize treatment outcomes through parameter adjustments. While PBM shows promise in reducing cell death, enhancing neurogenesis, and improving brain function, more research is needed to determine optimal parameters and confirm its efficacy in human trials. Future studies should focus on refining PBM parameters, incorporating artificial intelligence, and conducting larger randomized controlled trials to validate its potential in TBI treatment. The review highlights the need for further investigation into PBM's mechanisms and parameters to enhance its therapeutic application for TBI.