Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI) remains a significant global health challenge, lacking effective pharmacological treatments due to its complex and heterogeneous pathophysiology. This study reviews the potential of transcranial photobiomodulation (PBM), which uses specific red to near-infrared light wavelengths to modulate brain functions, as a promising therapy for TBI. The review synthesizes PBM's cellular mechanisms with each identified TBI pathophysiological aspect, including axonal injury, mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative stress, neuroinflammation, and apoptotic cell death. Clinical studies support PBM's potential for treating TBI, despite variations in parameters such as wavelength, power density, dose, light source positioning, and pulse frequencies. Emerging data indicate that these parameters play a role in treatment outcomes. New research on PBM's effects on neuronal microstructures, such as microtubules and tubulins, provides insights for future parameter optimization. Transcranial PBM represents a multifaceted therapeutic intervention for TBI with vast potential, which may be realized by optimizing these parameters, potentially incorporating artificial intelligence to enhance personalized treatment.Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI) remains a significant global health challenge, lacking effective pharmacological treatments due to its complex and heterogeneous pathophysiology. This study reviews the potential of transcranial photobiomodulation (PBM), which uses specific red to near-infrared light wavelengths to modulate brain functions, as a promising therapy for TBI. The review synthesizes PBM's cellular mechanisms with each identified TBI pathophysiological aspect, including axonal injury, mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative stress, neuroinflammation, and apoptotic cell death. Clinical studies support PBM's potential for treating TBI, despite variations in parameters such as wavelength, power density, dose, light source positioning, and pulse frequencies. Emerging data indicate that these parameters play a role in treatment outcomes. New research on PBM's effects on neuronal microstructures, such as microtubules and tubulins, provides insights for future parameter optimization. Transcranial PBM represents a multifaceted therapeutic intervention for TBI with vast potential, which may be realized by optimizing these parameters, potentially incorporating artificial intelligence to enhance personalized treatment.