Interleukin-1 (IL-1) is a pro-inflammatory cytokine that plays a key role in inflammation and disease. Blocking IL-1 activity has shown effectiveness in treating various inflammatory conditions, including autoinflammatory syndromes, rheumatoid arthritis, and other diseases. Three IL-1-targeted agents— anakinra, rilonacept, and canakinumab—have been approved for clinical use. These agents block IL-1 activity by targeting IL-1 receptors or neutralizing IL-1β. Other agents, including IL-1α neutralization and IL-1 receptor-blocking antibodies, are in clinical trials. IL-1 is involved in a wide range of diseases, including autoinflammatory and autoimmune conditions. IL-1-mediated inflammation contributes to the pathogenesis of several diseases, such as type 2 diabetes, heart failure, and gout. IL-1 is also involved in the development of chronic inflammatory diseases, including chronic heart failure, and in the progression of atherosclerosis in type 2 diabetes. The CANTOS trial is evaluating whether IL-1β neutralization can reduce the risk of cardiovascular events in high-risk patients. IL-1 is produced by various cell types, including monocytes, macrophages, and dendritic cells. IL-1β is processed by caspase 1, which is activated by the inflammasome. IL-1α is produced constitutively and is involved in early ischaemic inflammation. IL-1 plays a critical role in the pathogenesis of several diseases, including autoinflammatory and autoimmune conditions. Blocking IL-1 has been shown to reduce inflammation and improve outcomes in several diseases, including rheumatoid arthritis, gout, and type 2 diabetes. Several therapeutic strategies are being explored for IL-1 blockade, including targeting the IL-1 receptor, using soluble decoy receptors, and neutralizing IL-1β with monoclonal antibodies. These strategies are being tested in clinical trials for a variety of diseases, including chronic inflammatory conditions, autoimmune diseases, and type 2 diabetes. The results of these trials are expected to provide important insights into the role of IL-1 in disease and the potential for IL-1-targeted therapies.Interleukin-1 (IL-1) is a pro-inflammatory cytokine that plays a key role in inflammation and disease. Blocking IL-1 activity has shown effectiveness in treating various inflammatory conditions, including autoinflammatory syndromes, rheumatoid arthritis, and other diseases. Three IL-1-targeted agents— anakinra, rilonacept, and canakinumab—have been approved for clinical use. These agents block IL-1 activity by targeting IL-1 receptors or neutralizing IL-1β. Other agents, including IL-1α neutralization and IL-1 receptor-blocking antibodies, are in clinical trials. IL-1 is involved in a wide range of diseases, including autoinflammatory and autoimmune conditions. IL-1-mediated inflammation contributes to the pathogenesis of several diseases, such as type 2 diabetes, heart failure, and gout. IL-1 is also involved in the development of chronic inflammatory diseases, including chronic heart failure, and in the progression of atherosclerosis in type 2 diabetes. The CANTOS trial is evaluating whether IL-1β neutralization can reduce the risk of cardiovascular events in high-risk patients. IL-1 is produced by various cell types, including monocytes, macrophages, and dendritic cells. IL-1β is processed by caspase 1, which is activated by the inflammasome. IL-1α is produced constitutively and is involved in early ischaemic inflammation. IL-1 plays a critical role in the pathogenesis of several diseases, including autoinflammatory and autoimmune conditions. Blocking IL-1 has been shown to reduce inflammation and improve outcomes in several diseases, including rheumatoid arthritis, gout, and type 2 diabetes. Several therapeutic strategies are being explored for IL-1 blockade, including targeting the IL-1 receptor, using soluble decoy receptors, and neutralizing IL-1β with monoclonal antibodies. These strategies are being tested in clinical trials for a variety of diseases, including chronic inflammatory conditions, autoimmune diseases, and type 2 diabetes. The results of these trials are expected to provide important insights into the role of IL-1 in disease and the potential for IL-1-targeted therapies.