This study introduces triboelectric spectroscopy (TES) for in situ chemical analysis of liquids. TES combines triboelectrification and charge transfer on the surface of electrical insulators to enable nondestructive, ultrafast (less than 1 s) chemical analysis. By recording the local triboelectrification of a liquid sample as it slides along an insulating surface, TES generates a charge transfer spectroscopy fingerprint. Chemical information is extracted from this pattern, allowing identification of over 30 common salts, acids, bases, and organic molecules with high accuracy (up to 93%). TES is portable and can be miniaturized, enabling in situ and rapid chemical detection using inexpensive, low-tech instruments. The method relies on the interaction between a liquid droplet and a solid surface, where electron transfer and ion movement create an electric double layer. The type and concentration of ions in the liquid affect the net charge measured at the liquid-solid interface. TES profiles are unique and can be matched against standard samples for identification. The mechanism involves competition between cation adsorption on the charged surface and interfacial concentration distribution of H3O+. The study demonstrates that TES can detect a wide range of chemicals, including ions, acids, bases, and organic molecules, with high accuracy and sensitivity (ppb levels). The method is robust under varying environmental conditions, such as temperature and humidity. TES is applicable to common chemicals, including water-soluble salts, acids, bases, and organic solvents. It offers a promising alternative to traditional analytical methods, enabling miniaturized, portable, and in situ chemical detection in fields such as chemistry, biology, environmental science, and geology.This study introduces triboelectric spectroscopy (TES) for in situ chemical analysis of liquids. TES combines triboelectrification and charge transfer on the surface of electrical insulators to enable nondestructive, ultrafast (less than 1 s) chemical analysis. By recording the local triboelectrification of a liquid sample as it slides along an insulating surface, TES generates a charge transfer spectroscopy fingerprint. Chemical information is extracted from this pattern, allowing identification of over 30 common salts, acids, bases, and organic molecules with high accuracy (up to 93%). TES is portable and can be miniaturized, enabling in situ and rapid chemical detection using inexpensive, low-tech instruments. The method relies on the interaction between a liquid droplet and a solid surface, where electron transfer and ion movement create an electric double layer. The type and concentration of ions in the liquid affect the net charge measured at the liquid-solid interface. TES profiles are unique and can be matched against standard samples for identification. The mechanism involves competition between cation adsorption on the charged surface and interfacial concentration distribution of H3O+. The study demonstrates that TES can detect a wide range of chemicals, including ions, acids, bases, and organic molecules, with high accuracy and sensitivity (ppb levels). The method is robust under varying environmental conditions, such as temperature and humidity. TES is applicable to common chemicals, including water-soluble salts, acids, bases, and organic solvents. It offers a promising alternative to traditional analytical methods, enabling miniaturized, portable, and in situ chemical detection in fields such as chemistry, biology, environmental science, and geology.