| Jonathan N Coleman¹, Mustafa Lotya¹, Arlene O'Neill¹, Shane D Bergin¹, Paul J King¹, Umar Khan¹, Karen Young¹, Alexandre Gaucher¹, Sukanta De¹, Ronan J Smith¹, Igor V Shvets¹, Sunil K Arora¹, George Stanton¹, Hye-Young Kim²,³, Kangho Lee²,³, Gyu Tae Kim³, Georg S Duesberg², Toby Hallam², John J Boland², Jing Jing Wang¹, John F Donegan¹, Jaime C Grunlan⁴, Gregory Moriarty⁴, Aleksey Shmeliov⁵, Rebecca J Nicholls⁵, James M Perkins⁶, Eleanor M. Grieveson⁵, Koenraad Theuwissen⁵, David W. McComb⁶, Peter D. Nellist⁵ and Valeria Nicolosi⁵
A general liquid-phase method has been developed to exfoliate layered materials into mono- and few-layer nano-sheets in large quantities. This method involves dispersing layered compounds such as MoS₂, WS₂, MoSe₂, MoTe₂, TaSe₂, NbSe₂, NiTe₂, BN, and Bi₂Te₃ in common solvents, followed by centrifugation and decanting of the supernatant. The resulting dispersions are stable for extended periods and can be used to create hybrid films and composites. The method is insensitive to air and water and can be scaled up for large-scale production. The optimal solvents for exfoliation are those with surface tension close to 40 mJ/m², as determined by Hansen solubility parameter theory. The dispersions were analyzed using electron microscopy, revealing individual nanosheets with hexagonal symmetry. The method allows the preparation of films of BN, MoS₂, and WS₂ by vacuum filtration or spraying, with thicknesses ranging from a few nanometers to hundreds of micrometers. Hybrid films of MoS₂ or WS₂ mixed with graphene or single-walled carbon nanotubes were also prepared, showing enhanced electrical conductivity. Thermoelectric measurements on WS₂/SWNT hybrid films demonstrated significant improvements in power factor. The method is applicable to a wide range of layered materials, including TMDs, graphene, BN, and Bi₂Te₃, and can be extended to other layered compounds such as TMOs. This technique offers a simple and effective way to produce high-quality 2D materials for various applications.A general liquid-phase method has been developed to exfoliate layered materials into mono- and few-layer nano-sheets in large quantities. This method involves dispersing layered compounds such as MoS₂, WS₂, MoSe₂, MoTe₂, TaSe₂, NbSe₂, NiTe₂, BN, and Bi₂Te₃ in common solvents, followed by centrifugation and decanting of the supernatant. The resulting dispersions are stable for extended periods and can be used to create hybrid films and composites. The method is insensitive to air and water and can be scaled up for large-scale production. The optimal solvents for exfoliation are those with surface tension close to 40 mJ/m², as determined by Hansen solubility parameter theory. The dispersions were analyzed using electron microscopy, revealing individual nanosheets with hexagonal symmetry. The method allows the preparation of films of BN, MoS₂, and WS₂ by vacuum filtration or spraying, with thicknesses ranging from a few nanometers to hundreds of micrometers. Hybrid films of MoS₂ or WS₂ mixed with graphene or single-walled carbon nanotubes were also prepared, showing enhanced electrical conductivity. Thermoelectric measurements on WS₂/SWNT hybrid films demonstrated significant improvements in power factor. The method is applicable to a wide range of layered materials, including TMDs, graphene, BN, and Bi₂Te₃, and can be extended to other layered compounds such as TMOs. This technique offers a simple and effective way to produce high-quality 2D materials for various applications.