The review discusses the advancements and applications of ultrafast laser processing in materials science, highlighting its potential in both scientific and industrial contexts. Ultrafast lasers, with their ability to deliver precise optical energy to specific regions of materials, have revolutionized the field of material processing. The techniques enable control over photoionization and thermal processes, allowing for sub-100-nm photomodification and high-resolution 3D structuring. Key advancements include adjustable pulse duration, spatiotemporal chirp, phase front tilt, and polarization control, which enhance the precision and versatility of the process. The review also covers the integration of ultrafast laser processing into various industries, such as telecommunications and biomedical applications, and the challenges and future prospects of this technology. Notable achievements include the creation of complex 3D micro-optical elements, the fabrication of photonic crystals, and the development of new materials through extreme pressure and temperature conditions. The review emphasizes the importance of surface quality and the potential of fs-laser lithography for creating high-quality optical components, as well as its applications in biocompatible tissue engineering and surgical procedures.The review discusses the advancements and applications of ultrafast laser processing in materials science, highlighting its potential in both scientific and industrial contexts. Ultrafast lasers, with their ability to deliver precise optical energy to specific regions of materials, have revolutionized the field of material processing. The techniques enable control over photoionization and thermal processes, allowing for sub-100-nm photomodification and high-resolution 3D structuring. Key advancements include adjustable pulse duration, spatiotemporal chirp, phase front tilt, and polarization control, which enhance the precision and versatility of the process. The review also covers the integration of ultrafast laser processing into various industries, such as telecommunications and biomedical applications, and the challenges and future prospects of this technology. Notable achievements include the creation of complex 3D micro-optical elements, the fabrication of photonic crystals, and the development of new materials through extreme pressure and temperature conditions. The review emphasizes the importance of surface quality and the potential of fs-laser lithography for creating high-quality optical components, as well as its applications in biocompatible tissue engineering and surgical procedures.