The article discusses the role of uncertainty in anxiety, proposing an integrated neurobiological and psychological model of anxiety (UAMA). It highlights five key processes involved in maladaptive responses to uncertainty: inflated estimates of threat cost and probability, increased threat attention and hypervigilance, deficient safety learning, behavioral and cognitive avoidance, and heightened reactivity to threat uncertainty. These processes are linked to disruptions in brain regions such as the amygdala, BNST, vmPFC, OFC, aMCC, and anterior insula. The UAMA framework suggests that anxiety disorders involve abnormal anticipatory responses to uncertain threats, with heightened threat expectancies and impaired safety learning contributing to persistent anxiety. The article also discusses the importance of understanding these processes for the classification, diagnosis, and treatment of anxiety disorders. It emphasizes the need for further research to clarify the neural mechanisms underlying these processes and to develop effective interventions. The UAMA model provides a unifying framework for understanding anxiety, integrating neurobiological and psychological perspectives to better understand and treat anxiety disorders.The article discusses the role of uncertainty in anxiety, proposing an integrated neurobiological and psychological model of anxiety (UAMA). It highlights five key processes involved in maladaptive responses to uncertainty: inflated estimates of threat cost and probability, increased threat attention and hypervigilance, deficient safety learning, behavioral and cognitive avoidance, and heightened reactivity to threat uncertainty. These processes are linked to disruptions in brain regions such as the amygdala, BNST, vmPFC, OFC, aMCC, and anterior insula. The UAMA framework suggests that anxiety disorders involve abnormal anticipatory responses to uncertain threats, with heightened threat expectancies and impaired safety learning contributing to persistent anxiety. The article also discusses the importance of understanding these processes for the classification, diagnosis, and treatment of anxiety disorders. It emphasizes the need for further research to clarify the neural mechanisms underlying these processes and to develop effective interventions. The UAMA model provides a unifying framework for understanding anxiety, integrating neurobiological and psychological perspectives to better understand and treat anxiety disorders.