The article "Uncertainty and Anticipation in Anxiety: An integrated neurobiological and psychological perspective" by Dan W. Grue and Jack B. Nitschke explores the neurobiological and psychological mechanisms underlying anxiety, particularly in response to uncertainty about future threats. The authors propose the Uncertainty and Anticipation Model of Anxiety (UAMA), which identifies five essential processes involved in adaptive anticipatory responses to future threat uncertainty: inflated estimates of threat cost and probability, increased threat attention and hypervigilance, deficient safety learning, behavioral and cognitive avoidance, and heightened reactivity to threat uncertainty. These processes are disrupted in pathological anxiety, leading to maladaptive responses. The UAMA integrates findings from animal models and human neuroimaging studies, highlighting the roles of brain regions such as the amygdala, bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BNST), ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC), orbitofrontal cortex (OFC), anterior mid-cingulate cortex (aMCC), and anterior insula. The authors suggest that interventions targeting these processes could improve the classification, diagnosis, and treatment of clinical anxiety.The article "Uncertainty and Anticipation in Anxiety: An integrated neurobiological and psychological perspective" by Dan W. Grue and Jack B. Nitschke explores the neurobiological and psychological mechanisms underlying anxiety, particularly in response to uncertainty about future threats. The authors propose the Uncertainty and Anticipation Model of Anxiety (UAMA), which identifies five essential processes involved in adaptive anticipatory responses to future threat uncertainty: inflated estimates of threat cost and probability, increased threat attention and hypervigilance, deficient safety learning, behavioral and cognitive avoidance, and heightened reactivity to threat uncertainty. These processes are disrupted in pathological anxiety, leading to maladaptive responses. The UAMA integrates findings from animal models and human neuroimaging studies, highlighting the roles of brain regions such as the amygdala, bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BNST), ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC), orbitofrontal cortex (OFC), anterior mid-cingulate cortex (aMCC), and anterior insula. The authors suggest that interventions targeting these processes could improve the classification, diagnosis, and treatment of clinical anxiety.