This paper examines the long-term impact of early-life rainfall on the health, education, and socioeconomic outcomes of Indonesian adults born between 1953 and 1974. The authors link historical rainfall data for each individual's birth year and location with current adult outcomes from the 2000 wave of the Indonesia Family Life Survey. They find that higher early-life rainfall has significant positive effects on women's health, height, schooling, and socioeconomic status, but no significant effects on men's outcomes. The positive impact of rainfall on women's outcomes is most plausibly mediated by improved health and educational attainment, which in turn enhance adult socioeconomic status. The study also suggests that the initial direct effect of rainfall is on girls' health in the earliest years after birth, and that rainfall's effects on crop output and household income lead to better nutrition and health for infant girls. The findings highlight the importance of addressing typical environmental variations in developing countries to support long-term well-being.This paper examines the long-term impact of early-life rainfall on the health, education, and socioeconomic outcomes of Indonesian adults born between 1953 and 1974. The authors link historical rainfall data for each individual's birth year and location with current adult outcomes from the 2000 wave of the Indonesia Family Life Survey. They find that higher early-life rainfall has significant positive effects on women's health, height, schooling, and socioeconomic status, but no significant effects on men's outcomes. The positive impact of rainfall on women's outcomes is most plausibly mediated by improved health and educational attainment, which in turn enhance adult socioeconomic status. The study also suggests that the initial direct effect of rainfall is on girls' health in the earliest years after birth, and that rainfall's effects on crop output and household income lead to better nutrition and health for infant girls. The findings highlight the importance of addressing typical environmental variations in developing countries to support long-term well-being.