Autoimmunity refers to the immune system's failure to distinguish self from non-self, leading to the inappropriate targeting of healthy cells and tissues. Central and peripheral tolerance mechanisms are crucial in preventing autoimmunity by eliminating self-reactive T and B cells. The disruption of these mechanisms results in the activation of autoreactive lymphocytes, causing autoimmune disorders. Genetic predispositions, environmental exposures, and immunoregulatory disturbances synergistically contribute to the susceptibility and initiation of autoimmune diseases. Cytokine therapies, which target cytokine-mediated regulatory pathways, have emerged as a specialized strategy to manage autoimmune conditions by rectifying immunological imbalances. Proinflammatory cytokines play a key role in inducing and propagating autoimmune inflammation, making them potential targets for therapeutic intervention. The review discusses the etiology of autoimmune diseases, current therapeutic approaches, and future prospects for drug design. It highlights the importance of understanding the breakdown of immunological tolerance, genetic factors, and the role of cytokines in managing autoimmune conditions.Autoimmunity refers to the immune system's failure to distinguish self from non-self, leading to the inappropriate targeting of healthy cells and tissues. Central and peripheral tolerance mechanisms are crucial in preventing autoimmunity by eliminating self-reactive T and B cells. The disruption of these mechanisms results in the activation of autoreactive lymphocytes, causing autoimmune disorders. Genetic predispositions, environmental exposures, and immunoregulatory disturbances synergistically contribute to the susceptibility and initiation of autoimmune diseases. Cytokine therapies, which target cytokine-mediated regulatory pathways, have emerged as a specialized strategy to manage autoimmune conditions by rectifying immunological imbalances. Proinflammatory cytokines play a key role in inducing and propagating autoimmune inflammation, making them potential targets for therapeutic intervention. The review discusses the etiology of autoimmune diseases, current therapeutic approaches, and future prospects for drug design. It highlights the importance of understanding the breakdown of immunological tolerance, genetic factors, and the role of cytokines in managing autoimmune conditions.