Universal Sentence Encoder for English

Universal Sentence Encoder for English

October 31–November 4, 2018 | Daniel Cer, Yinfei Yang, Sheng-yi Kong, Nan Hua, Nicole Limtiaco, Rhomni St. John, Noah Constant, Mario Guajardo-Céspedes, Steve Yuan, Chris Tar, Yun-Hsuan Sung, Brian Strope, Ray Kurzweil
The Universal Sentence Encoder (USE) is a set of sentence-level embedding models developed by Google AI, designed for easy use and strong transfer performance across various natural language processing (NLP) tasks. The models are implemented in TensorFlow and made publicly available on TensorFlow Hub. They offer trade-offs between accuracy and computational resources, allowing users to choose the best model for their specific needs. The paper presents two main models: the Transformer and the Deep Averaging Network (DAN). The Transformer model achieves high accuracy but requires more computational resources, while the DAN model is more efficient but less accurate. Both models are trained using a combination of unsupervised and supervised data, including web sources and the Stanford Natural Language Inference (SNLI) corpus. The models are evaluated on various transfer tasks, including sentiment analysis, semantic similarity, and bias detection. The results show that sentence-level transfer learning outperforms word-level transfer and models without transfer learning. The Transformer model achieves the best transfer performance, although it is more resource-intensive. The DAN model is more efficient and performs well on tasks requiring low computational resources. The paper also discusses the use of these models for bias detection, showing that they can reproduce human-like biases in certain contexts. The models are evaluated on the WEAT test, which measures bias in word associations. The results indicate that the models exhibit similar biases to GloVe, but with weaker associations in some cases. The paper concludes that the sentence-level embeddings from the Universal Sentence Encoder demonstrate strong transfer performance on a variety of NLP tasks. The models provide a balance between accuracy and computational efficiency, making them suitable for a wide range of applications. The pre-trained models are publicly available for research and industry use.The Universal Sentence Encoder (USE) is a set of sentence-level embedding models developed by Google AI, designed for easy use and strong transfer performance across various natural language processing (NLP) tasks. The models are implemented in TensorFlow and made publicly available on TensorFlow Hub. They offer trade-offs between accuracy and computational resources, allowing users to choose the best model for their specific needs. The paper presents two main models: the Transformer and the Deep Averaging Network (DAN). The Transformer model achieves high accuracy but requires more computational resources, while the DAN model is more efficient but less accurate. Both models are trained using a combination of unsupervised and supervised data, including web sources and the Stanford Natural Language Inference (SNLI) corpus. The models are evaluated on various transfer tasks, including sentiment analysis, semantic similarity, and bias detection. The results show that sentence-level transfer learning outperforms word-level transfer and models without transfer learning. The Transformer model achieves the best transfer performance, although it is more resource-intensive. The DAN model is more efficient and performs well on tasks requiring low computational resources. The paper also discusses the use of these models for bias detection, showing that they can reproduce human-like biases in certain contexts. The models are evaluated on the WEAT test, which measures bias in word associations. The results indicate that the models exhibit similar biases to GloVe, but with weaker associations in some cases. The paper concludes that the sentence-level embeddings from the Universal Sentence Encoder demonstrate strong transfer performance on a variety of NLP tasks. The models provide a balance between accuracy and computational efficiency, making them suitable for a wide range of applications. The pre-trained models are publicly available for research and industry use.
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Understanding Universal Sentence Encoder for English