Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a common inflammatory skin condition affecting over 10% of children, characterized by skin irritation, redness, and itching. Recent research has linked AD to environmental factors, genetics, skin barrier dysfunction, immune system dysregulation, and psychological factors. The review explores the pathophysiology of AD, focusing on the role of interleukins and their influence on the immune pathway. It highlights the potential for targeted therapeutic approaches, including biologic and non-biologic treatments such as Janus kinase (JAK) inhibitors. The review also discusses the latest clinical efficacy data and scientific rationale behind each targeted treatment for AD. Additionally, it addresses emerging therapies, such as microbiome modulation, epidermal barrier restoration, and control of immunological responses. The use of novel drug delivery systems, including nanotechnology, is also discussed, emphasizing their potential to improve treatment efficacy and reduce side effects. Overall, the review provides a comprehensive overview of the current understanding of AD's pathophysiology and the evolving landscape of therapeutic options.Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a common inflammatory skin condition affecting over 10% of children, characterized by skin irritation, redness, and itching. Recent research has linked AD to environmental factors, genetics, skin barrier dysfunction, immune system dysregulation, and psychological factors. The review explores the pathophysiology of AD, focusing on the role of interleukins and their influence on the immune pathway. It highlights the potential for targeted therapeutic approaches, including biologic and non-biologic treatments such as Janus kinase (JAK) inhibitors. The review also discusses the latest clinical efficacy data and scientific rationale behind each targeted treatment for AD. Additionally, it addresses emerging therapies, such as microbiome modulation, epidermal barrier restoration, and control of immunological responses. The use of novel drug delivery systems, including nanotechnology, is also discussed, emphasizing their potential to improve treatment efficacy and reduce side effects. Overall, the review provides a comprehensive overview of the current understanding of AD's pathophysiology and the evolving landscape of therapeutic options.