This review explores the complex signaling pathways of estrogen and progesterone in the endometrium, highlighting their roles in reproductive physiology and gynecological conditions. The endometrium, a dynamic tissue lining the uterus, undergoes cyclical changes regulated by estrogen and progesterone fluctuations. These hormones are crucial for the menstrual cycle, fertility, and pregnancy. Imbalances in their signaling can lead to conditions such as endometriosis, endometrial hyperplasia, and adenomyosis. The endometrium consists of two main layers: the basal layer and the functional layer, with the functional layer undergoing significant changes during the menstrual cycle. The endometrium is also vital for embryo implantation and pregnancy development. The review discusses the molecular mechanisms of estrogen and progesterone signaling, including their genomic and non-genomic pathways, and their roles in endometrial cell proliferation, decidualization, and implantation. It also highlights the importance of these signaling pathways in maintaining endometrial health and in the development of therapeutic strategies for gynecological conditions. The study emphasizes the complex interactions between estrogen and progesterone receptors and their impact on endometrial function and reproductive health.This review explores the complex signaling pathways of estrogen and progesterone in the endometrium, highlighting their roles in reproductive physiology and gynecological conditions. The endometrium, a dynamic tissue lining the uterus, undergoes cyclical changes regulated by estrogen and progesterone fluctuations. These hormones are crucial for the menstrual cycle, fertility, and pregnancy. Imbalances in their signaling can lead to conditions such as endometriosis, endometrial hyperplasia, and adenomyosis. The endometrium consists of two main layers: the basal layer and the functional layer, with the functional layer undergoing significant changes during the menstrual cycle. The endometrium is also vital for embryo implantation and pregnancy development. The review discusses the molecular mechanisms of estrogen and progesterone signaling, including their genomic and non-genomic pathways, and their roles in endometrial cell proliferation, decidualization, and implantation. It also highlights the importance of these signaling pathways in maintaining endometrial health and in the development of therapeutic strategies for gynecological conditions. The study emphasizes the complex interactions between estrogen and progesterone receptors and their impact on endometrial function and reproductive health.