This study investigates the coalescence mechanism and influencing factors of heterogeneous oil droplets in oil and gas field development. The research focuses on the coalescence process of multiple oil droplets under liquid flow disturbance, analyzing the effects of the number of oil droplets, their size, and the distance between them under homogeneous and non-homogeneous conditions. The results show that smaller oil droplets under non-homogeneous conditions take longer to coalesce, and when the size of individual oil droplets reaches the nanoscale, the coalescence time significantly increases. Under gravity, the coalescence time is slightly shorter than in static conditions. In laminar flow, the coalescence time decreases with increasing liquid flow rate, while in turbulent flow, it increases. The coalescence time ranges from 600 to 1000 ms at flow rates of 0.05–0.2 m/s. The presence of surfactants increases the oil content in the emulsion system, but the change in oil content rate is less affected by flow rate due to the stable emulsion structure created by the extracted fluid in the reservoir. The study provides technical support for effective crude oil storage and transportation. The coalescence process of oil droplets is influenced by factors such as the number of oil droplets, their size, distance, gravity, and flow rate. The coalescence mechanism under static and liquid flow disturbance conditions is analyzed, showing that the coalescence time is affected by the size of the oil droplets, with larger droplets coalescing faster. The study also examines the influence of oil droplet position on coalescence time, finding that the coalescence time decreases when the third oil droplet approaches the midpoint of the other two. The coalescence process under fluid flow disturbance is analyzed, showing that gravity and flow rate significantly affect the coalescence time. The study uses mathematical models and simulations to analyze the coalescence process of oil droplets under different conditions, providing insights into the mechanisms and influencing factors of oil droplet coalescence. The results have important implications for the development and transportation of crude oil in oil and gas fields.This study investigates the coalescence mechanism and influencing factors of heterogeneous oil droplets in oil and gas field development. The research focuses on the coalescence process of multiple oil droplets under liquid flow disturbance, analyzing the effects of the number of oil droplets, their size, and the distance between them under homogeneous and non-homogeneous conditions. The results show that smaller oil droplets under non-homogeneous conditions take longer to coalesce, and when the size of individual oil droplets reaches the nanoscale, the coalescence time significantly increases. Under gravity, the coalescence time is slightly shorter than in static conditions. In laminar flow, the coalescence time decreases with increasing liquid flow rate, while in turbulent flow, it increases. The coalescence time ranges from 600 to 1000 ms at flow rates of 0.05–0.2 m/s. The presence of surfactants increases the oil content in the emulsion system, but the change in oil content rate is less affected by flow rate due to the stable emulsion structure created by the extracted fluid in the reservoir. The study provides technical support for effective crude oil storage and transportation. The coalescence process of oil droplets is influenced by factors such as the number of oil droplets, their size, distance, gravity, and flow rate. The coalescence mechanism under static and liquid flow disturbance conditions is analyzed, showing that the coalescence time is affected by the size of the oil droplets, with larger droplets coalescing faster. The study also examines the influence of oil droplet position on coalescence time, finding that the coalescence time decreases when the third oil droplet approaches the midpoint of the other two. The coalescence process under fluid flow disturbance is analyzed, showing that gravity and flow rate significantly affect the coalescence time. The study uses mathematical models and simulations to analyze the coalescence process of oil droplets under different conditions, providing insights into the mechanisms and influencing factors of oil droplet coalescence. The results have important implications for the development and transportation of crude oil in oil and gas fields.