The article discusses the need for Nature-based Solutions (NbS) in urban flood risk management (FRM) to achieve both social and ecological co-benefits. It proposes a conceptual framework with a coupled social-ecological perspective to explore and identify such "win-win" potential in NbS-FRM. Through a scoping review, the study finds that ecological FRM measures are unevenly distributed globally, and those solely targeting flood mitigation may have unintended negative consequences for society and ecosystems. The framework identifies gaps such as a lack of resilience thinking, inadequate consideration of environmental changes, and limited collaborative efforts to manage trade-offs. The study highlights the importance of integrating NbS to leverage natural services of local ecosystems for flood hazard mitigation and biodiversity enhancement, addressing climate, societal, and biodiversity challenges. The framework shows how to move forward to leverage NbS for equitable and sustainable FRM, improving human well-being and ecosystem health. The article also discusses the three dimensions of the NbS-FRM framework: coupling social and ecological factors, linking human activities with hydrological responses, and balancing trade-off effects. It emphasizes the need for further research to address these dimensions and improve the effectiveness of NbS in urban FRM.The article discusses the need for Nature-based Solutions (NbS) in urban flood risk management (FRM) to achieve both social and ecological co-benefits. It proposes a conceptual framework with a coupled social-ecological perspective to explore and identify such "win-win" potential in NbS-FRM. Through a scoping review, the study finds that ecological FRM measures are unevenly distributed globally, and those solely targeting flood mitigation may have unintended negative consequences for society and ecosystems. The framework identifies gaps such as a lack of resilience thinking, inadequate consideration of environmental changes, and limited collaborative efforts to manage trade-offs. The study highlights the importance of integrating NbS to leverage natural services of local ecosystems for flood hazard mitigation and biodiversity enhancement, addressing climate, societal, and biodiversity challenges. The framework shows how to move forward to leverage NbS for equitable and sustainable FRM, improving human well-being and ecosystem health. The article also discusses the three dimensions of the NbS-FRM framework: coupling social and ecological factors, linking human activities with hydrological responses, and balancing trade-off effects. It emphasizes the need for further research to address these dimensions and improve the effectiveness of NbS in urban FRM.