Van der Waals heterostructures are layered materials composed of two-dimensional (2D) atomic crystals, such as graphene, hexagonal boron nitride (hBN), and transition metal dichalcogenides like MoS₂. These structures can be assembled layer by layer, offering new opportunities for exploring unique electronic and optical properties. The research on these heterostructures has gained significant attention, with the potential to lead to new technological applications. The development of such structures has been facilitated by advances in fabrication techniques, allowing for precise control over the stacking sequence and interlayer interactions. Despite the challenges in stabilizing 2D crystals under ambient conditions, several stable 2D materials have been identified, including monolayers of graphite, hBN, and MoS₂. The electronic quality of these materials can be further improved, enabling the creation of high-performance devices. The assembly of these heterostructures has been demonstrated experimentally, with examples including superlattices and tunneling devices. The potential applications of van der Waals heterostructures span from fundamental research to practical devices, with ongoing efforts to enhance their stability and functionality. The field is expected to continue growing, driven by the potential for new discoveries and technological advancements.Van der Waals heterostructures are layered materials composed of two-dimensional (2D) atomic crystals, such as graphene, hexagonal boron nitride (hBN), and transition metal dichalcogenides like MoS₂. These structures can be assembled layer by layer, offering new opportunities for exploring unique electronic and optical properties. The research on these heterostructures has gained significant attention, with the potential to lead to new technological applications. The development of such structures has been facilitated by advances in fabrication techniques, allowing for precise control over the stacking sequence and interlayer interactions. Despite the challenges in stabilizing 2D crystals under ambient conditions, several stable 2D materials have been identified, including monolayers of graphite, hBN, and MoS₂. The electronic quality of these materials can be further improved, enabling the creation of high-performance devices. The assembly of these heterostructures has been demonstrated experimentally, with examples including superlattices and tunneling devices. The potential applications of van der Waals heterostructures span from fundamental research to practical devices, with ongoing efforts to enhance their stability and functionality. The field is expected to continue growing, driven by the potential for new discoveries and technological advancements.