Vitamin C and E are essential antioxidants that play critical roles in human health. Vitamin C is a cofactor for α-ketoglutarate-dependent dioxygenases, such as prolyl hydroxylase, which is involved in collagen synthesis and the regulation of hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF-1). Vitamin C also functions as an antioxidant, protecting cells from oxidative stress by scavenging reactive oxygen species and preventing lipid peroxidation. Vitamin E is a lipid-soluble antioxidant that scavenges hydroperoxyl radicals and protects erythrocyte membranes and nervous tissues. Together, vitamins C and E contribute to various physiological functions, including endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) activity, which is important for arterial elasticity and blood pressure regulation. Vitamin C also plays a role in the formation of covalent adducts with electrophilic secondary metabolites, and its supplementation has been shown to influence biomarkers and clinical outcomes in randomized trials. However, the evidence for the benefits of vitamin C and E supplementation in preventing diseases such as pre-eclampsia and cancer is mixed. While some studies suggest that vitamin C and E may have protective effects, others have found no significant benefits. Vitamin C has been shown to reduce oxidative stress and LPO products, and may improve endothelial function in hypertensive patients. Vitamin E is a potent peroxyl radical scavenger that prevents the propagation of free radicals in membranes and plasma lipoproteins. Vitamin E deficiency can lead to peripheral neuropathy and hemolytic anemia, and its antioxidant properties are crucial for protecting membranes and nervous tissues from oxidative stress. Vitamin E is fat-soluble and transported by lipoproteins, with its tissue depletion taking decades. Plasma α-tocopherol concentrations are regulated by the liver and α-tocopherol transfer protein (α-TTP). Vitamin E is essential for maintaining immune function in the elderly and for preventing lipid peroxidation. However, the effectiveness of vitamin E supplementation in preventing oxidative stress and disease is not fully established. Overall, while vitamins C and E have important physiological roles, the evidence for their health benefits in preventing diseases is inconclusive.Vitamin C and E are essential antioxidants that play critical roles in human health. Vitamin C is a cofactor for α-ketoglutarate-dependent dioxygenases, such as prolyl hydroxylase, which is involved in collagen synthesis and the regulation of hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF-1). Vitamin C also functions as an antioxidant, protecting cells from oxidative stress by scavenging reactive oxygen species and preventing lipid peroxidation. Vitamin E is a lipid-soluble antioxidant that scavenges hydroperoxyl radicals and protects erythrocyte membranes and nervous tissues. Together, vitamins C and E contribute to various physiological functions, including endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) activity, which is important for arterial elasticity and blood pressure regulation. Vitamin C also plays a role in the formation of covalent adducts with electrophilic secondary metabolites, and its supplementation has been shown to influence biomarkers and clinical outcomes in randomized trials. However, the evidence for the benefits of vitamin C and E supplementation in preventing diseases such as pre-eclampsia and cancer is mixed. While some studies suggest that vitamin C and E may have protective effects, others have found no significant benefits. Vitamin C has been shown to reduce oxidative stress and LPO products, and may improve endothelial function in hypertensive patients. Vitamin E is a potent peroxyl radical scavenger that prevents the propagation of free radicals in membranes and plasma lipoproteins. Vitamin E deficiency can lead to peripheral neuropathy and hemolytic anemia, and its antioxidant properties are crucial for protecting membranes and nervous tissues from oxidative stress. Vitamin E is fat-soluble and transported by lipoproteins, with its tissue depletion taking decades. Plasma α-tocopherol concentrations are regulated by the liver and α-tocopherol transfer protein (α-TTP). Vitamin E is essential for maintaining immune function in the elderly and for preventing lipid peroxidation. However, the effectiveness of vitamin E supplementation in preventing oxidative stress and disease is not fully established. Overall, while vitamins C and E have important physiological roles, the evidence for their health benefits in preventing diseases is inconclusive.