This study presents the synthesis and characterization of water-soluble ionic liquid (IL)-containing sulfur polymers, S-AVImCl, prepared via inverse vulcanization using 1-allyl-3-vinylimidazolium chloride (AVIMCl) as a comonomer and elemental sulfur. The introduction of AVIMCl significantly enhances the hydrophilicity of sulfur polymers, enabling them to dissolve in water. The resulting sulfur polymer exhibits high mercury uptake capacity (436 mg g⁻¹) due to its enhanced hydrophilicity and ability to form coordination complexes with mercury ions. After mercury binding, the polymer precipitates and can be easily removed by filtration. The charged sulfur polymer also demonstrates effective demulsification of oil-in-water (O/W) emulsions through anion exchange between Cl⁻ of the polymer and dodecylbenzenesulfonate (DBS⁻) of the surfactant. Additionally, the polymer exhibits antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus. The integration of ILs and elemental sulfur provides a novel approach to modifying the wettability of sulfur polymers. This water-soluble IL-containing sulfur polymer, with mercury capture, demulsification, and antibacterial activity, is considered a multifunctional material for practical water purification. The polymer was synthesized under optimized conditions, achieving a sulfur polymer yield of 92.7%. The polymer's water solubility allows for effective contact with aqueous ions, enhancing its performance in mercury capture and demulsification. The study also highlights the potential of these materials for future applications in water purification, including the exploration of neutral or negatively charged comonomers to further enhance water solubility.This study presents the synthesis and characterization of water-soluble ionic liquid (IL)-containing sulfur polymers, S-AVImCl, prepared via inverse vulcanization using 1-allyl-3-vinylimidazolium chloride (AVIMCl) as a comonomer and elemental sulfur. The introduction of AVIMCl significantly enhances the hydrophilicity of sulfur polymers, enabling them to dissolve in water. The resulting sulfur polymer exhibits high mercury uptake capacity (436 mg g⁻¹) due to its enhanced hydrophilicity and ability to form coordination complexes with mercury ions. After mercury binding, the polymer precipitates and can be easily removed by filtration. The charged sulfur polymer also demonstrates effective demulsification of oil-in-water (O/W) emulsions through anion exchange between Cl⁻ of the polymer and dodecylbenzenesulfonate (DBS⁻) of the surfactant. Additionally, the polymer exhibits antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus. The integration of ILs and elemental sulfur provides a novel approach to modifying the wettability of sulfur polymers. This water-soluble IL-containing sulfur polymer, with mercury capture, demulsification, and antibacterial activity, is considered a multifunctional material for practical water purification. The polymer was synthesized under optimized conditions, achieving a sulfur polymer yield of 92.7%. The polymer's water solubility allows for effective contact with aqueous ions, enhancing its performance in mercury capture and demulsification. The study also highlights the potential of these materials for future applications in water purification, including the exploration of neutral or negatively charged comonomers to further enhance water solubility.