This paper provides a comprehensive review of oscillating water column (OWC) systems, which are designed to convert wave energy into electrical power. The authors present an in-depth analysis of the mathematical modeling approaches used in OWC systems, highlighting the underlying principles and challenges associated with this technology. OWC systems, which can be fixed or floating, are a significant part of wave energy converter prototypes currently operational offshore. The paper discusses the design and operation of OWC systems, including the use of air turbines and the integration of OWCs with marine structures like breakwaters. It also reviews the hydrodynamic processes involved in wave energy absorption and the theoretical, computational, and experimental modeling techniques used to analyze OWC converters. The review emphasizes the potential of OWC technology for efficient wave energy extraction and suggests future research directions. The paper concludes by discussing the current state of OWC technology, its advantages, and the need for further optimization to enhance sustainability and cost-effectiveness.This paper provides a comprehensive review of oscillating water column (OWC) systems, which are designed to convert wave energy into electrical power. The authors present an in-depth analysis of the mathematical modeling approaches used in OWC systems, highlighting the underlying principles and challenges associated with this technology. OWC systems, which can be fixed or floating, are a significant part of wave energy converter prototypes currently operational offshore. The paper discusses the design and operation of OWC systems, including the use of air turbines and the integration of OWCs with marine structures like breakwaters. It also reviews the hydrodynamic processes involved in wave energy absorption and the theoretical, computational, and experimental modeling techniques used to analyze OWC converters. The review emphasizes the potential of OWC technology for efficient wave energy extraction and suggests future research directions. The paper concludes by discussing the current state of OWC technology, its advantages, and the need for further optimization to enhance sustainability and cost-effectiveness.