This review paper provides a comprehensive analysis of oscillating water column (OWC) technology for wave energy conversion. OWC systems are designed to extract and convert wave energy into usable electrical power. The paper discusses the mathematical modeling approaches used in OWC systems, highlighting their principles and challenges. OWC devices are classified into fixed and floating configurations and are widely used in offshore wave energy converters. The paper also explores theoretical, computational, and experimental modeling techniques for analyzing OWC converters. It emphasizes the potential of OWC technology for efficient wave energy extraction and suggests future research directions. The paper traces the history of OWC technology, starting with Yoshio Masuda's invention in the 1940s, and highlights key developments in OWC systems over the decades. It discusses various OWC prototypes, including the Kaimei floating vessel, the Mutriku breakwater with 16 OWCs, and the Civitavecchia breakwater with 124 OWCs. The paper also covers recent advancements in OWC technology, including the use of CFD simulations for analyzing OWC performance and the development of hybrid WEC devices combining OWCs with other technologies. The paper discusses the hydrodynamic characteristics of OWC systems, focusing on the interaction between waves and the OWC structure. It highlights the importance of understanding wave patterns, periods, and environmental factors in optimizing OWC performance. The paper also addresses the challenges of designing OWC systems, including the need for efficient power take-off systems and the impact of environmental conditions on system reliability and cost-effectiveness. The paper concludes by emphasizing the potential of OWC technology for wave energy conversion and the need for further research to optimize its performance and reduce costs. It highlights the importance of integrating OWC systems with other renewable energy sources and the need for continued innovation in OWC design and operation. The paper also discusses the role of computational fluid dynamics (CFD) in analyzing OWC performance and the potential of hybrid WEC devices for improving energy capture efficiency. Overall, the paper provides a comprehensive overview of OWC technology and its potential for sustainable wave energy conversion.This review paper provides a comprehensive analysis of oscillating water column (OWC) technology for wave energy conversion. OWC systems are designed to extract and convert wave energy into usable electrical power. The paper discusses the mathematical modeling approaches used in OWC systems, highlighting their principles and challenges. OWC devices are classified into fixed and floating configurations and are widely used in offshore wave energy converters. The paper also explores theoretical, computational, and experimental modeling techniques for analyzing OWC converters. It emphasizes the potential of OWC technology for efficient wave energy extraction and suggests future research directions. The paper traces the history of OWC technology, starting with Yoshio Masuda's invention in the 1940s, and highlights key developments in OWC systems over the decades. It discusses various OWC prototypes, including the Kaimei floating vessel, the Mutriku breakwater with 16 OWCs, and the Civitavecchia breakwater with 124 OWCs. The paper also covers recent advancements in OWC technology, including the use of CFD simulations for analyzing OWC performance and the development of hybrid WEC devices combining OWCs with other technologies. The paper discusses the hydrodynamic characteristics of OWC systems, focusing on the interaction between waves and the OWC structure. It highlights the importance of understanding wave patterns, periods, and environmental factors in optimizing OWC performance. The paper also addresses the challenges of designing OWC systems, including the need for efficient power take-off systems and the impact of environmental conditions on system reliability and cost-effectiveness. The paper concludes by emphasizing the potential of OWC technology for wave energy conversion and the need for further research to optimize its performance and reduce costs. It highlights the importance of integrating OWC systems with other renewable energy sources and the need for continued innovation in OWC design and operation. The paper also discusses the role of computational fluid dynamics (CFD) in analyzing OWC performance and the potential of hybrid WEC devices for improving energy capture efficiency. Overall, the paper provides a comprehensive overview of OWC technology and its potential for sustainable wave energy conversion.