This study investigates the spread and dynamics of West Nile virus (WNV) in Europe, focusing on the predominant lineage, WNV-2a. The authors used phylodynamic and phylogeographic models to map the evolution and spread history of WNV-2a, incorporating viral genome sequences and epidemiological data. They found that WNV-2a has been the most prevalent lineage in Europe, with a high dispersal velocity (88-215 km/yr) correlated to bird movements. Key drivers of WNV spread include agricultural activities, urbanization, and wetland coverage, with high agricultural intensity positively associated with both spread direction and velocity. The study also identified significant gaps in data and emphasized the need for enhanced virological surveillance in Central European countries, where WNV outbreaks are likely seeded. Climate change and biodiversity changes were found to predict viral genetic diversity over time. The findings suggest that agricultural land use and ecological conditions favoring bird and mosquito presence are significant drivers of WNV emergence and spread.This study investigates the spread and dynamics of West Nile virus (WNV) in Europe, focusing on the predominant lineage, WNV-2a. The authors used phylodynamic and phylogeographic models to map the evolution and spread history of WNV-2a, incorporating viral genome sequences and epidemiological data. They found that WNV-2a has been the most prevalent lineage in Europe, with a high dispersal velocity (88-215 km/yr) correlated to bird movements. Key drivers of WNV spread include agricultural activities, urbanization, and wetland coverage, with high agricultural intensity positively associated with both spread direction and velocity. The study also identified significant gaps in data and emphasized the need for enhanced virological surveillance in Central European countries, where WNV outbreaks are likely seeded. Climate change and biodiversity changes were found to predict viral genetic diversity over time. The findings suggest that agricultural land use and ecological conditions favoring bird and mosquito presence are significant drivers of WNV emergence and spread.