This scoping review investigates the factors influencing consumers' online medication purchase intentions and behaviors, focusing on both over-the-counter (OTC) and prescription drugs. The study analyzed 48 eligible studies published in English in peer-reviewed journals, identifying 12 key factors affecting online medication purchase intentions and behaviors: demographics, convenience, availability, price, evaluations of the purchase environment, information sources, internet usage, prior experience, perceived risk, health insurance, privacy, and product. The analysis revealed differences in the drivers of purchase intentions and behaviors between OTC and prescription medications. While demographic factors were frequently measured, their role was inconsistent, with many contradictory results. However, other factors such as convenience, availability, lower prices, and favorable evaluations of the purchase environment more consistently enhanced online medication purchase intentions and behaviors. The review also highlights the importance of perceived risk, information sources, and privacy in influencing purchase decisions. The findings suggest that online pharmacies should focus on enhancing convenience, availability, and price competitiveness to attract consumers. Additionally, favorable evaluations of the purchase environment, such as trust and satisfaction, were consistently beneficial for purchase intentions and behaviors. The review identifies gaps in the literature, emphasizing the need for future research to explore uninvestigated influences, such as psychographic variables and situational factors. The study concludes that future research should focus on developing a comprehensive theory-based agenda to better understand the drivers of consumers' online medication purchase intentions and behaviors. The review also highlights the need for policymakers and healthcare providers to address risks associated with online pharmacy purchases and to promote awareness of these risks to discourage inappropriate online medication purchases.This scoping review investigates the factors influencing consumers' online medication purchase intentions and behaviors, focusing on both over-the-counter (OTC) and prescription drugs. The study analyzed 48 eligible studies published in English in peer-reviewed journals, identifying 12 key factors affecting online medication purchase intentions and behaviors: demographics, convenience, availability, price, evaluations of the purchase environment, information sources, internet usage, prior experience, perceived risk, health insurance, privacy, and product. The analysis revealed differences in the drivers of purchase intentions and behaviors between OTC and prescription medications. While demographic factors were frequently measured, their role was inconsistent, with many contradictory results. However, other factors such as convenience, availability, lower prices, and favorable evaluations of the purchase environment more consistently enhanced online medication purchase intentions and behaviors. The review also highlights the importance of perceived risk, information sources, and privacy in influencing purchase decisions. The findings suggest that online pharmacies should focus on enhancing convenience, availability, and price competitiveness to attract consumers. Additionally, favorable evaluations of the purchase environment, such as trust and satisfaction, were consistently beneficial for purchase intentions and behaviors. The review identifies gaps in the literature, emphasizing the need for future research to explore uninvestigated influences, such as psychographic variables and situational factors. The study concludes that future research should focus on developing a comprehensive theory-based agenda to better understand the drivers of consumers' online medication purchase intentions and behaviors. The review also highlights the need for policymakers and healthcare providers to address risks associated with online pharmacy purchases and to promote awareness of these risks to discourage inappropriate online medication purchases.