This review explores the neurobiological changes that occur during adolescence and their potential relationship to the emergence of psychopathology. It focuses on three major disorders: schizophrenia, substance use disorders, and affective/anxiety disorders. The authors discuss the structural and functional changes in the brain, such as synaptic pruning, myelination, and changes in brain activity, and how these changes might contribute to the development of these disorders. They highlight the importance of understanding the typical developmental trajectory of the brain to better interpret findings from neuroimaging studies. The review also examines the role of neurotransmitter systems and hormonal changes in adolescence, and how these factors might influence the onset of psychopathology. Finally, the authors emphasize the need for longitudinal studies and the integration of genetic and environmental factors to fully understand the complex interplay between brain development and mental health during adolescence.This review explores the neurobiological changes that occur during adolescence and their potential relationship to the emergence of psychopathology. It focuses on three major disorders: schizophrenia, substance use disorders, and affective/anxiety disorders. The authors discuss the structural and functional changes in the brain, such as synaptic pruning, myelination, and changes in brain activity, and how these changes might contribute to the development of these disorders. They highlight the importance of understanding the typical developmental trajectory of the brain to better interpret findings from neuroimaging studies. The review also examines the role of neurotransmitter systems and hormonal changes in adolescence, and how these factors might influence the onset of psychopathology. Finally, the authors emphasize the need for longitudinal studies and the integration of genetic and environmental factors to fully understand the complex interplay between brain development and mental health during adolescence.