Sleep is crucial for health, with recent research highlighting its impact on infectious disease, cardiovascular disease, cancer, and depression. Sleep disturbance affects both adaptive and innate immunity, influencing vaccine responses and inflammatory processes. The review discusses the biological mechanisms linking sleep to immune function, including neuroendocrine and autonomic pathways. It emphasizes the reciprocal relationship between sleep and inflammation, and explores interventions to improve sleep for therapeutic purposes. Sleep disturbance is associated with reduced adaptive immunity and increased innate immune responses, particularly in inflammatory disorders. The review also addresses the role of sleep in regulating immune responses, with evidence that sleep deprivation impairs vaccine efficacy and increases susceptibility to infections. Sleep disturbance is linked to elevated inflammatory markers such as CRP and TNF, contributing to cardiovascular disease and other inflammatory conditions. The review highlights the importance of sleep in immune regulation, with sleep loss affecting cytokine production and immune cell function. It also discusses the impact of sleep on inflammatory processes, including the role of sympathetic nervous system activation in promoting inflammation. Overall, the review underscores the critical role of sleep in maintaining immune health and preventing chronic diseases.Sleep is crucial for health, with recent research highlighting its impact on infectious disease, cardiovascular disease, cancer, and depression. Sleep disturbance affects both adaptive and innate immunity, influencing vaccine responses and inflammatory processes. The review discusses the biological mechanisms linking sleep to immune function, including neuroendocrine and autonomic pathways. It emphasizes the reciprocal relationship between sleep and inflammation, and explores interventions to improve sleep for therapeutic purposes. Sleep disturbance is associated with reduced adaptive immunity and increased innate immune responses, particularly in inflammatory disorders. The review also addresses the role of sleep in regulating immune responses, with evidence that sleep deprivation impairs vaccine efficacy and increases susceptibility to infections. Sleep disturbance is linked to elevated inflammatory markers such as CRP and TNF, contributing to cardiovascular disease and other inflammatory conditions. The review highlights the importance of sleep in immune regulation, with sleep loss affecting cytokine production and immune cell function. It also discusses the impact of sleep on inflammatory processes, including the role of sympathetic nervous system activation in promoting inflammation. Overall, the review underscores the critical role of sleep in maintaining immune health and preventing chronic diseases.