The World Medical Association's Declaration of Helsinki outlines ethical principles for medical research involving human subjects. Adopted in 1964 and amended several times, the declaration emphasizes the duty of physicians to protect the life, health, privacy, and dignity of research subjects. Key principles include: 1. **Basic Principles for All Medical Research:** - Researchers must adhere to scientific principles and thorough knowledge. - Caution is required in research affecting the environment, and animal welfare must be respected. - Experimental protocols must be clearly defined and reviewed by an independent ethical committee. - Research should be conducted by qualified individuals under clinical supervision. - Risks and benefits must be carefully assessed, and healthy volunteers can participate. - Informed consent is essential, and subjects must be fully informed of the risks and benefits. - Legal incompetence or inability to consent requires informed consent from a legally authorized representative. - Publication must be accurate, and negative results should be reported. 2. **Additional Principles for Medical Research Combined with Medical Care:** - Research combined with medical care must be justified by its potential value. - Benefits, risks, and effectiveness must be compared to current methods. - Patients must be informed of the research aspects and have access to proven methods. - Informed consent is crucial, and refusal to participate should not affect the patient-physician relationship. - Unproven measures can be used with informed consent if they offer hope, and new information should be recorded and published. These principles aim to ensure that medical research is conducted ethically and with the best interests of the subjects in mind.The World Medical Association's Declaration of Helsinki outlines ethical principles for medical research involving human subjects. Adopted in 1964 and amended several times, the declaration emphasizes the duty of physicians to protect the life, health, privacy, and dignity of research subjects. Key principles include: 1. **Basic Principles for All Medical Research:** - Researchers must adhere to scientific principles and thorough knowledge. - Caution is required in research affecting the environment, and animal welfare must be respected. - Experimental protocols must be clearly defined and reviewed by an independent ethical committee. - Research should be conducted by qualified individuals under clinical supervision. - Risks and benefits must be carefully assessed, and healthy volunteers can participate. - Informed consent is essential, and subjects must be fully informed of the risks and benefits. - Legal incompetence or inability to consent requires informed consent from a legally authorized representative. - Publication must be accurate, and negative results should be reported. 2. **Additional Principles for Medical Research Combined with Medical Care:** - Research combined with medical care must be justified by its potential value. - Benefits, risks, and effectiveness must be compared to current methods. - Patients must be informed of the research aspects and have access to proven methods. - Informed consent is crucial, and refusal to participate should not affect the patient-physician relationship. - Unproven measures can be used with informed consent if they offer hope, and new information should be recorded and published. These principles aim to ensure that medical research is conducted ethically and with the best interests of the subjects in mind.