The mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) is a critical regulator that integrates environmental signals to control fundamental cellular functions, including protein synthesis, cell growth, survival, and apoptosis. Dysregulation of mTOR signaling is implicated in various human diseases, such as metabolic disorders (diabetes, obesity, cardiovascular diseases), cancers, and aging. mTOR acts through two distinct complexes, mTORC1 and mTORC2, each with unique roles and regulatory mechanisms. mTORC1 is primarily activated by growth factors and nutrients, while mTORC2 is less sensitive to nutrients but plays a role in regulating the actin cytoskeleton and cell size. mTOR inhibitors, such as rapamycin and everolimus, have shown therapeutic benefits in treating certain cancers and metabolic disorders. The development of more effective next-generation mTOR inhibitors with dual functions is ongoing to target mTOR pathways more efficiently. Understanding the intricate network of mTOR signaling is crucial for developing effective therapeutic strategies to manage diseases associated with mTOR dysregulation.The mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) is a critical regulator that integrates environmental signals to control fundamental cellular functions, including protein synthesis, cell growth, survival, and apoptosis. Dysregulation of mTOR signaling is implicated in various human diseases, such as metabolic disorders (diabetes, obesity, cardiovascular diseases), cancers, and aging. mTOR acts through two distinct complexes, mTORC1 and mTORC2, each with unique roles and regulatory mechanisms. mTORC1 is primarily activated by growth factors and nutrients, while mTORC2 is less sensitive to nutrients but plays a role in regulating the actin cytoskeleton and cell size. mTOR inhibitors, such as rapamycin and everolimus, have shown therapeutic benefits in treating certain cancers and metabolic disorders. The development of more effective next-generation mTOR inhibitors with dual functions is ongoing to target mTOR pathways more efficiently. Understanding the intricate network of mTOR signaling is crucial for developing effective therapeutic strategies to manage diseases associated with mTOR dysregulation.