The mTOR pathway integrates signals from nutrients, growth factors, energy, and stress to regulate cell growth and division. In mammals, mTOR exists as two complexes, mTORC1 and mTORC2, which regulate different downstream targets. mTORC1 controls protein synthesis, ribosome biogenesis, and autophagy, while mTORC2 regulates actin cytoskeleton organization and cell survival. Dysregulated mTOR signaling is implicated in diseases such as cancer, diabetes, and aging. mTORC1 is inhibited by amino acids and growth factors, while mTORC2 is primarily regulated by growth factors. mTORC1 is involved in energy homeostasis, and its inhibition can lead to autophagy, which helps in recycling cellular components during starvation. mTORC2 plays a role in cell survival and proliferation, particularly through Akt signaling. mTOR signaling is also involved in metabolic diseases, with over-feeding leading to insulin resistance and obesity. In cancer, mTORC1 and mTORC2 contribute to tumor growth by promoting cell proliferation and survival. Rapamycin, an mTOR inhibitor, has shown limited efficacy in cancer therapy due to feedback loops that counteract its effects. New mTOR inhibitors and dual mTOR-PI3K inhibitors are being developed to improve therapeutic outcomes. mTOR also plays a role in aging, with dietary restriction and mTOR inhibition extending lifespan in various organisms. However, chronic mTOR inhibition may have adverse effects, such as reduced fertility and increased aging. Overall, mTOR is a key regulator of cellular processes and is a promising target for therapeutic interventions in diseases such as cancer, diabetes, and aging.The mTOR pathway integrates signals from nutrients, growth factors, energy, and stress to regulate cell growth and division. In mammals, mTOR exists as two complexes, mTORC1 and mTORC2, which regulate different downstream targets. mTORC1 controls protein synthesis, ribosome biogenesis, and autophagy, while mTORC2 regulates actin cytoskeleton organization and cell survival. Dysregulated mTOR signaling is implicated in diseases such as cancer, diabetes, and aging. mTORC1 is inhibited by amino acids and growth factors, while mTORC2 is primarily regulated by growth factors. mTORC1 is involved in energy homeostasis, and its inhibition can lead to autophagy, which helps in recycling cellular components during starvation. mTORC2 plays a role in cell survival and proliferation, particularly through Akt signaling. mTOR signaling is also involved in metabolic diseases, with over-feeding leading to insulin resistance and obesity. In cancer, mTORC1 and mTORC2 contribute to tumor growth by promoting cell proliferation and survival. Rapamycin, an mTOR inhibitor, has shown limited efficacy in cancer therapy due to feedback loops that counteract its effects. New mTOR inhibitors and dual mTOR-PI3K inhibitors are being developed to improve therapeutic outcomes. mTOR also plays a role in aging, with dietary restriction and mTOR inhibition extending lifespan in various organisms. However, chronic mTOR inhibition may have adverse effects, such as reduced fertility and increased aging. Overall, mTOR is a key regulator of cellular processes and is a promising target for therapeutic interventions in diseases such as cancer, diabetes, and aging.