This study evaluates the genetic diversity of silver (Hypophthalmichthys molitrix Val.) and bighead (Hypophthalmichthys nobilis Rich.) carp, both introduced to aquaculture in Belarus. Genotyping was conducted using 11 microsatellite loci (Hmo11, Hmo13, Hmo15, Hmo25, Hmo26, Hmo31, Hmo33, Hmo34, Hmo36, Hmo37, and Hmo40). Key parameters calculated include the average number of alleles per locus, effective number of alleles, levels of expected and observed heterozygosity, Shannon's information index, and fixation indices F_ST and F_IS. The results indicate moderate genetic diversity for bighead carp and relatively high diversity for silver carp, allowing for the identification of several groups for linear material production and further reproduction, including commercial fish. However, careful selection of parent pairs based on molecular genetic analysis is necessary to avoid inbreeding. The study also proposes a scheme for differentiating hybrid individuals between silver and bighead carp using five microsatellite loci, which can serve as a minimally invasive rapid test in breeding and reproductive programs for these species.This study evaluates the genetic diversity of silver (Hypophthalmichthys molitrix Val.) and bighead (Hypophthalmichthys nobilis Rich.) carp, both introduced to aquaculture in Belarus. Genotyping was conducted using 11 microsatellite loci (Hmo11, Hmo13, Hmo15, Hmo25, Hmo26, Hmo31, Hmo33, Hmo34, Hmo36, Hmo37, and Hmo40). Key parameters calculated include the average number of alleles per locus, effective number of alleles, levels of expected and observed heterozygosity, Shannon's information index, and fixation indices F_ST and F_IS. The results indicate moderate genetic diversity for bighead carp and relatively high diversity for silver carp, allowing for the identification of several groups for linear material production and further reproduction, including commercial fish. However, careful selection of parent pairs based on molecular genetic analysis is necessary to avoid inbreeding. The study also proposes a scheme for differentiating hybrid individuals between silver and bighead carp using five microsatellite loci, which can serve as a minimally invasive rapid test in breeding and reproductive programs for these species.